Studies showed that first names with Anglo-Saxon and especially American consonance: Jessica, mickael, Jordan... were most widespread in the social classes whose income is very low. This tendency was very strongly marked by the abundance of American series called "soap", these famous series without end, of which some even exceeded the five thousandths episode.

For example, the series "Hart to hart" arrived to France in 1981, remember, "Jennifer and Jonathan, the dispensers of justice billionaires"... First first name in the United States of 1972 to 1985, Jennifer was carried more and more in the hexagon between 82 and 84 to reach a girl on 50 born between 1984 and 1986. (source: Coast of the first names, éd 97, Balland Guides). At the executives, on the other hand, Jennifer was a first name almost ignored. Kevin, Killian lately appeared. France spends ten years before acting and to react like American one says. The "Masters" of the world are at the origin of many phenomena of mode, even if if often the identification or the will to resemble American is not so positive that it appears to with it.

Today these first names touch all the social layers. What pushes a couple to be drawn from the American repertory for example? There is of course the arrival of the media, today the end of the world does not exist more, all the territories are covered in less than one second, television, the cinema take part in the development of the knowledge of the other cultures that ours, which was not the case there is a score of years. The United States exerts an undeniable attraction at considerable French, one speaks about American dream. This is why the first social layers with being touched by this phenomenon, which are not limited besides to the choice of the first name, were the poor and average classes. A manner of dreaming, of projecting themselves elsewhere, of taking an end of dream for oneself and to adapt it. To think that elsewhere east can be better than here and than while taking a little besides to put it here, one would be to some extent already elsewhere of this reality. One eats American, one drinks American, one tries to live and to consume with American, then to name with American becomes obvious and undeniable. There is only to see the fight which leads the purists in their battle of protection of the French language vis-a-vis to the invasion of expressions and Anglo-American words in the daily language.

Television with its series was the first window of this new world, the inspiration was thus taken in the first name of the characters. And then the modes evolve/move, move, the dream is Brazilian, Australian, Arab and one draws from the culture of the other what seems to interest us. A melting pot, a mixing of the cultures for a company which grows rich or were impoverished according to points of view's. What counts is the quality of the phantasm here report/ratio to the escape which pushes a couple with prénommer his/her child.

Naming a baby is not simply to give it a first name. What can be the psychological consequences - first name meaning - for the child and the adult it will become by choosing his/her first name ? We don't give a first name to a baby simply because the first name is "pretty" or "beautiful". Around this choice, there are innumerable other reasons, whether conscious or not. What will happen to the little "lexus" or "porsche" ? You, who have a first name, what is its history ? I hope that through these pages, illustrated of real examples, some will find answers, others will discover aspects of themselves they were unaware of.

Our dictionary of the first name thus comprises more than 2.000 denominations today, however only 10 first names currently are enough to count a quarter even a third of the incipient population each year. For 1997, the three first names most given are: Are Manon, Lea and Laura at the girls and Quentin, Alexandre and Nicolas for the boys *. it with saying that the choice is founded primarily on a phenomenon of mode? Not will answer the near total of the parents concerned.

The choice of the first name of the child is not the fact of the chance. Why such first name rather has more preferences for the parents than another. Each person consciously or not is able to explain, or try to explain, why it gave the first name X to her daughter and Y with her son. The first evoked reason is that of affinity. Like the first name the parents and the justification is appropriate for itself. But the choice of the first name answers in fact much more criteria than one could not imagine it. Cultural factor initially, the range is not the same one as one is originating in north or of the south, than one reasons in country or in area, than the language is foreign, of the patois. Social factor then, relating to the standard of living and the hierarchical occupation of the individual within the company. Factor of mode again but whose origin and mechanisms are much more complex than it does not appear and would return to with it to the preliminary reading of "psychopathologies of the everyday life" of Freud. All these elements of the type "patchwork" represent an elaborate mesh which leads reflexion to the final decision. Such an amount of the couple with the arrival a child takes the name of "family", so much in the first names, this classification also applies. We will distinguish several types of family of first names according to the elements previously quoted.

A first name is more than one word to name, it is first of all emotion, feeling, it one is felt. It is transmission of love, the child, commonly admitted, is the fruit of a love, the prénommer amounts realising this triad Father-mother-child. It is what generation after generation each one is tried to transmit beyond oneself. The failures are numerous but it is not a question here to extend on the drift here or there from some but rather from the traumatism generated by this act which approaches the childbirth finally, painful childbirth which is that of the choice of the first name. With the act of love a displacement of succeeds what one was, which one would have liked to be or not, of what one would have liked to be born for oneself from another.

It is true that such a step does not go without shocking, each one of we have a first name, it thus acts of oneself to find among these pages, to run up against deepest old disorders, that one believed forgotten and to awake can be old pains. In this direction to make psychoanalysis of corner of table, that which consists in breaking resistances as a wisp of straw that it had been necessary to build years by years. There if the reader approaches this modest contribution in this way, if it feels attacked in these statements, it is that I would not have succeeded. I try to show that to choose a first name for a child is a traumatisant act from which nobody escapes. When I speak about traumatisant there act one should not inevitably there see torture, blow of stick or voluntarily return to his child "nut". Trauma comes from the Greek wound with effraction, one speaks about traumatism in medicine and surgery like the consequences on the whole of the organization of a lesion resulting from an external violence. The psychoanalysis took again these terms while transposing them on the psychic level, it is necessary to keep there the direction of violent shock, effraction, that of consequences on the whole of the organization (Vocabulary of the psychoanalysis, Laplanche and Pontalis, Puf). It is this last definition which interests us here: "effects on the whole of the organization". Indeed to choose and give a first name to a child do not go without consequences. The fact of associating good "or" bad "correspondences it" is of the order of the judgement, of criticism that each one can bring where the divided opinions are found. The psychoanalysis does not have this capacity nor this right to judge, at most to note, hear.

These remarks are thus not either a catalogue which will tend to return Aglaë sharp and intelligent, the Luc sportsmen and inventive... Certain symbols are indeed related to the first names but from there to entirely forge the character of the person while being limited to the first name... It is all the context of this choice which should be considered, lived of the parents and the entourage, history and the history of the first name in the family in question. This work brings only some brief replies but much more question. One proceeds in the same way during interpretation freudienne of the dreams. The dream is in charge of symbols, but to dream that one loses its teeth does not want to say only in the week which will follow we lose a expensive being. It is the way in which one tells his dream which gives him a direction, only the dreamer is able to approach the key of his dreams, in the "statement" and not in the catalogue of the dreams. To want all to index, to generalize represents a danger, in the dreams, the first names, numerology etc etc. One forgets a little too often the single character of it human being, that each one has its own operating mode. If the men resemble each other they are in all different points nevertheless, to start with their genetic chart.

Even that which will seek in these lines a first name "without risk" for his/her child will not find instructions. Normality according to Freud is to be all of the neurotics. Fruit of my flesh, of my blood, the flesh of my flesh, my end with me, the part of me, all these names whose list is long explicit this will not hidden "to produce" something of oneself, to make perdurer part of oneself. The animal kingdom is limited to ensure the continuation of the species, the human being, more complex animal also holds this component.

France made case of its birth rate: 1,6 or 1,7 child by couple, below thus the threshold of 2 which ensures perpetuation. Why thus the French company thus encourage does the families to procreate, why the advantages of the cases of family benefits support the families of at least three children? The answer goes from oneself, France "die". One speaks about turning into a desert of the campaigns, but the birth rate is one of the major concern of the various French governments which follow one another. To start with the problem arising from the retirements. One us surinforme on the danger which weighs on the retirements of rising generation, that which hardly starts to work. There will be nobody any more, or rather enough of cotisants in a score of years. And numbers theories are worked out for stage with this lack of child. Who will pay for the "old men"? Some campaigns at the national level were launched, incentive "French" to make children. These campaigns were followed financial soft foods for which "will contribute" to the repopulation of France. The word can certainly appear a little strong but it is indeed about a crisis of the birthrate. Germany knew this problem until in the years 1988, with a rate of 1,4, but the reunification made it possible to go up this percentage. The ex East Germany having a rate higher than 2. But the crisis is only pushed back.

It makes me think of the various debates and polemic which exist on the countries in the process of development. It is not rare to hear in our shows of the reflexions on the number of children in the countries of North Africa or Power station. "They have the AIDS, of the diseases, they die all of hunger and they refuse contraception that we civilized countries bring to them", decorated well somewhat coarse cavity of qualifiers to underline their silly thing. It is true that in Ethiopia, at Sudan, etc a woman puts at the world seven children at least, out of these seven only two or three will survive. Hold one finds the figure two, that necessary to the continuity of the species. The human being known as is endowed with intelligence, it does not remain about it less one species among others in the animal world. Unconsciously these countries face the daily difficulties that they must endure. They do not have or little food, not enough for everyone, but the method which they use, though one can think about it, is not so inhuman only that. It is difficult for us countries "civilized and developed" to include/understand this attitude. The traditions and the customs are foreign for us but these countries there nevertheless are populated the human ones in spites of the statements of some.

And why in China, the reasoning reverses? Does the family have to limit itself to a child, preferably a boy and the parents incur financial sanctions if they put at the world a second child? Indeed these people which count more than one billion inhabitants, must fight against the phenomenon of overpopulation which harms the Chinese economy seriously. This country, not being familiarized yet with the modern means of contraceptions does not have to set up a series of drastic measure. But like contraceptive, the effectiveness still remains to be proven. Numbers of couple finds itself with a second child "without the knowledge of their full liking" and the abandonments are not rare. It also developed a parallel network of abortion "house", generating rather frequently the death of the mother. The methods remain the same ones as in France but several ten years behind, the abortion by needle to be knitted, shocks violent ones related to the belly, stop there, the goal not being to make a catalogue of cruelty. When the first child is a girl, the couples are reduced by it to use methods like the drowning, smothering... On the other hand if "the good" couple made only one child, a boy, it will touch premiums of the State to allow him to follow a schooling in the example shown by the leading political community.
India from here ten year will have a population higher than that of China but concentrates itself only now on its problem of overpopulation.

The demography of a country is a major concern in each country according to whether it is in lack or "too" of child. It is only one aspect of the human reproduction, registers some share in our genes, this need to procreate, ensure its descent as well as that which one meets in the animal kingdom. Certain larvae of butterfly spend the years under ground before being born, reproduce in only one day and in the fallen night die.

The child it is what it will remain of oneself when we are not any more. Then all starts with the first name.

One of the parameters to be taken into account is the moment of the choice: front, during, after the design, before or after the knowledge of the sex of the child to come. To very make a child certainly, but quickly then, boy or girl. The genetics progresses years by years and one speaks to us about this future day which one wishes or which one fears to be able to choose one day the sex of the child to be born. For the moment the ethics committee takes care that these skids cannot take place. One speaks to us to let make nature but also parental will. As long as to make a child as much be able to choose his sex and why not the color of its eyes like his/her mother, of her hair like his/her father, his size like his large father and his intelligence like his uncle who succeeded well in the life. Short capacity to make and choose his/her child as with the supermarket. As long as to sign for 20 years of education to as much put the maximum of positive elements on its side. One swims obviously into full is delirious and the genetics is not there to answer the whims of each one. Moreover today which is this role of the genetics? One wire-drawer of advanced out of medical matter, of comprehension of the human mechanisms, the diseases, one progresses in the knowledge of the man to better bring to him more and, but all are these considerations really of human size, are really accessible for him?

So far is the time when one relied on God. God today is sorcerer's apprentice in the human realization. Today one makes clones of ewe, one does the One of the newspapers of them besides. The method is very simple, it acts to take a cell of ewe, an ovule and hop the turn is played, I schematize obviously, in the idea the procedure is simple, one needed however tens and tens of years to concretize it. Rumours circulate on the fact that certain researchers would have succeeded in making of it in the same way with the human cloning, other rumours would imply that a human spermatozoïde was placed in-vitro in an ovule of gorilla then placed in a gorilla female, pregnancy was followed from there which was supposedly stopped in a few months. Be delirious, lies or reality, no one does not know it for the moment but we are nevertheless within the framework of the possible one. The media water us genetics and of its handling which could be made, the cinema made the echo on several occasions of the various experiments which could be undertaken in order to improve the human race, and the question is not recent, it is found at each century. The last cinematographic reflexion in date is "Welcome in Gattaca", where the selection is done before and with the birth by the means of the genetics. To be likely to succeed professionally, the children must be designed by fecundation in-vitro and as of the birth a test ADN is carried out, it is him which traces all the future of the individual. And best the characteristics of each one in the discipline will be exploited than it excels as of the birth.

Raise the problem of the genetics, not without seeking to be mislaid, is a projection which each relative wishes for his child. It would be liked perfect, one would like to give him the maximum of chance at the beginning. He to transmit best self very in "putting" side the least good. A child it is a "project" much more intense than that to buy a house, but a project nevertheless. He is worked out, he dreams himself, thinks as of the age where the human being is "able" to reproduce. Who does not dream of the ideal child and finally "made with", likes it "nevertheless", the remarks hard but are so often heard. A child is a desire which is conceived and altogether appeared completely normal, the reverse would be more worrying and would certainly raise of the internment.

Desire is there, consciously or not, whether he is a boy or a girl. Would be necessary it can be to wonder about the parents who before knowing answer you that the sex imports. Besides I incite the parents who will recognize themselves to wonder at greater length about this reality. The animal impulse leads indeed to the simple reproduction, but you parents, your desire could be limited only to one simple reproduction. One cannot indeed conceive to be it without him to give a sexual identity, this aspect is developed besides further. This desire which becomes pleasure of having a child cannot be stopped there. There is sexuée construction of the small future of man. The fertilized ovocyte has already all its genetic chart, including the sex of the embryo. Not to want to know, is not this step an escape of a possible disappointment. What one wishes does not have according to probabilities' that a chance on two to be carried out then one does not prefer to take the risk of this "failure" of the sex. And all starts there, because already unconsciously one cannot think, to imagine his child without projecting it sexué, which makes it possible not to compare it to a thing. One does not make a child to make a child, there is a whole symbolic system which is grafted around and it is the latter that one will tend to transmit.

" If one had a child, one would call it...", this frequent sentence in our vocabulary calls upon imaginary of the child, that of the adult who joins again with his plays passed, a little as one plays headstock or with its this need, teddy bear to name what is and in this precise case what will be because such is the "destiny" of all. It is in fact a false projection in the future. Well before the design, to imagine the first name of a child, it is not that of his but of that which one was, the first name that one could have chosen for oneself.

Besides its during the first eight years that the child needs to be identified, initially with animals, one plays the lion, the cat, dog and one is in turn the lion, the cat, the dog. One finds these sets of children in the animated drawings where the heroes are animals which speak. At Walt Disney for example, the mouse, the duck. The animals evolve/move at the rate/rhythm of the child, they take human form (Cosmocats). As it acquires its personality, which it becomes to aware of its statute human being then of its sexuation, it is identified with other men. The child thinks to be an animal and the MIME, then he is the hero whom he saw with tele or in the books. He is one of the "power rangers" after having been one of the "tortoises ninjas". The small girl is Cendrillon, the boy mowgli. Moreover on this last example, it is well a phase of transition, the child is high among the animals, it grows, discovers reality then from there will meet its "similar", the world of the Men, the adults... Remember, small Mowgli seeing this pretty young lady at the edge of water, it hesitates to join it, attracted by a mysterious force (guess which) and that to turn over among his/her friends the animals. Pulled about by what it must leave behind him, its world of child, and unrelentingly called towards the world of the adults. The logical step in this history is respected, it agrees to grow.

Out of the fairy-like world of the tales and legends which surrounds it then of its environment of most distant to nearest, it will find zorro or zora the russet-red one. And we will leave side all the aspect oedipien that others treated well better. To imagine adult the first name of a child amounts finishing, to close certain plays of childhood symbolically unfinished, to leave behind oneself what could not be solved.

A lot of parents, after or without reflexion, decides "to make" a child. One thinks of it as of a project, with something which one builds stone after stone, one wonders about the founded good of the moment, the financial standing (question of modern times that one was not posed it does not have so a long time only that there). Some go even until wondering about their maturity.

During the pregnancy, before knowing the sex, one builds an image of the child growing inside oneself, it is not yet a boy, a girl, but part of oneself which develops inside the woman, the need to name is then made feel, not by first names but by words synonymous with amazement or anguish that new come generates in the couple. Comes the period from the assumption, it most favourable with numbers of first names, all is lived of the person re-appears then. If it is a girl I would call it Nathalie, Patricia, or Angelica, the person is not fixed yet, and if it is a boy, even proceeded. A manner of evacuating a form of latent anguish in oneself, it becomes a whole in one nothing, an effect of imaginary and dream which takes gasoline progressively belly swelling and of increasingly visible perception and physical of the mother who feels well that that moves inside. Unconscious image can be of its own body, one lived old, a projection of oneself in these moments there. The girl becomes mother, realizes and is carried out.

And then comes the echography that which can give without reserve the sex of the child. Moreover it is interesting to note the reserve of the gynaecologists not to give their impression as long as they are not sure for the sex of the child, "one does not see well... One will be can be fixed the next month... " As if the error of "diagnostic" on the sexual identity of the child could have annoying consequences, vain joys or true sorrows with respect to the parents. When the certainty is there raises the terrible question, because it becomes urgent to give a first name, it is not more one foetus, an embryo, a bébète which pushes inside oneself but of a boy or a girl.

"It cannot remain without name", the State requires it to be able to count it and classify it in its cards, the parents in this need for not chosifier and the entourage in this need for recognition. But the child him with the birth does not ask anything, it asks only love and food to wish to live.

In certain families the tradition is strongly anchored at the time of the death of an infant: that which will follow will carry the first name of the late one. It is unfortunately frequent to observe children psychotics because the parents had given them the first name of a big brother or an older sister died prematurely. But without falling also far, which will deny the negative impact of such a step. A man dies but its name remains.

There are strong chances that this child has difficulties in sleep, that it is victim of insomnia and spends his nights to "brailler". It is its way with him of answering his/her parents. The sleep answers the death instinct, while not sleeping, by crying the child expresses that it is in life, manner for him of reassuring his/her parents. This case frequently also meets in the children whose parents nourish anguishes on his sleep and death: "sleep it well, it will not choke itself..." It is this example of the child carrying the first name of another death which led me to reflect a little more on the range of such a choice. By giving a first name to a child, one creates a traumatism, one reproduces problems and even a psychoanalysis undertaken "to make safe itself" as for what one transmits to his child will change nothing there, if it is not to know what. I think that the term of "reproduction" is completely suitable, the human being reproduce, ensure his descent, but also reproduced its disorders interior and worse still moves them on his/her own child.

In certain tribes African, to subject and banish an individual of the tribe consists in withdrawing its name to him and the affubler of a nickname, this absence of name very often results in the death of this one. The concept of died and name is very anchored in all the companies. Freud, in Totem and Tabou, reported the mystery which reigned around the name of the individual. This name, in primitive tribes were to be ignored and hidden of the enemy under risk that by killing it it dispossessed it. The magic which made it possible to withdraw the name of its enemy was very dreaded. More known still and more dreaded is this belief than a dead child without one being able to give him a name cannot find the rest and find himself condemned to wander and haunt the alive ones until the damage is made good. Others persist in believing that the first name of the child must in no manner revealed being before it is not baptized without risking that it is not exchanged by children of fairies (Name, Prénom. ED Otherwise . Seven 94) or although it will not be saved as much as it will not have received its Christian name. A belief still consists with not prénommer his/her child as that of a still alive relative for fear this one is not precipitated quickly any more towards death.

In cinematography one also finds certain quite characteristic diagrams, the moment when the malicious one has been just cut down by the nice one (or the reverse) and which is not solved to die as long as it will not hear the name of that which killed it, a manner of dying in peace, imagine a few moments the scene, one it A finds in many films. It is necessary to see the face then being able to give a name to that which precipitates in death as if it would not find the eternal rest with this ignorance. In the majority of police films besides, the "goal of the play" is to find the name of that which kills, it is around the mystery of its name that suspense is played. One all the more plays with the nerves of the witness when this one does not have any idea of the solution or that in turn on various characters the name of the "killer moves".

Being without name it is a heart without body, which can arrive of worse. Our companies known as evolved/moved and civilized however keep this print, the first name does not change but that which carries it. Moreover the law does not enable us to change first name or of name during our existence (with share of rare exceptions). What makes smile numbers of Indian tribes which them change names on several occasions, according to the air of time, of their traversed spiritual way. This possibility of having several names are also found among Chinese. One does not become on their premises the image of oneself with the single report/ratio with his name but one is quite simply and it is what one is who changes and thus carries or supports other names.

In France, it is well inconceivable cavity, the expression "a first name for the life" comes to point out it to us. This possibility would come to shake all our administrative system, one would not know any more who is which or which was which and when. The recourse to the nickname, with the pseudonym expresses this desire clearly to change in moments of its life of name, it causes neurosis which one studies besides. It is the only possibility which is given to us. Like the fitting of a part, or place of a table, one employs in turn nickname, diminutive, pseudonym, is this inevitably to play other characters that oneself, is the these inevitably first steps of a latent schizophrenia or quite simply is this the need to express each part of oneself which makes it possible to do only one. Moreover they are either different or us even who we affublons other names. To change name to change life or its manner of seeing. "Would be plural as the universe" liked to say Fernando Pessoa which one knows can be the writings and the multiplicity of the pseudonyms which it employed.